What is peripheral arterial disease? Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition where the the blood flow to the limbs, arm or leg, is impaired due to a narrowing of the arteries supplying these areas. It is more likely to affect the leg than the arm and has become a global problem due to the rise in atherosclerosis. >> Read More ...
The arteries to the legs carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the thigh, lower leg and foot. The main artery to the leg is the femoral artery. It is the continuation of the external iliac artery below the inguinal ligament. The external iliac artery is a branch of the common iliac artery which is formed when the >> Read More ...
The veins of the lower leg can be divided into two groups – superficial and deep. Since the distal parts of the lower limb, i.e. the leg and feet, are the furthest points from the heart compared to any other part of the body, blood has a longer distance to travel bac to the heart. The pressure of blood in the >> Read More ...
What is pharyngitis? A sore throat, or pharyngitis, can vary in intensity from mild discomfort in the back of the throat, to a dull ache or pain in the throat. Although subjective, the term ‘sore throat‘ is used to indicate any irritation in the throat that may also involve the back of the mouth (oropharynx), >> Read More ...
Dietary management for gastritis and peptic ulcer disease has limited benefit without other therapeutic measures like medication. Despite that fact that certain foods and drinks may exacerbate the pain of both gastritis and peptic ulcers, most cases are due to H.pylori infection or the long term use of NSAIDs >> Read More ...
Abdominal enlargement may be due the presence of abdominal fat, feces within the bowel, fluid accumulation, fetus in the pregnant uterus or flatus (intestinal gas). These are the most common causes although there are a number of other causes that may cause generalized distension of the abdomen or bulging within a specific >> Read More ...
Stomach ulcers, or gastric ulcers, are open sores that occur on the stomach lining often as a result of chronic gastritis. The integrity of the stomach lining is compromised to the extent that the gastric secretions, particularly hydrochloric acid and pepsin, can erode small portions of the superficial layers of the >> Read More ...
What is peptic ulcer disease? A peptic ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). Although less common, it can occur in the lower esophagus (in the event of acid reflux) or even extend as far as the jejunum or ileum of the small intestine (in cases of a Meckel >> Read More ...
The bladder is a muscular sac and expands (distends) as it fills with urine. As the bladder fills, the sensory stretch receptors elicit impulses to trigger the micturition reflex and empty the bladder. However, this process is also under voluntary control and the external urethral sphincter will not relax and allow urine >> Read More ...
What is abdominal bloating? Abdominal bloating is any enlargement of the abdomen (distension) or fullness sensation in the abdomen with/without distension. When there is visible enlargement then this abdominal distension (enlargement of the abdomen) is most commonly due to one of the following : Fat Fluid Feces Flatus >> Read More ...
