The paranasal sinuses are hollow air-filled cavities in the skull. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses known as the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. These cavities are lined with a mucous membrane and its secretions usually drain through small openings (ostia) into the nasal cavity. Since the sinuses >> Read More ...
Redness of the eye, or ocular redness, is a common ailment that may be a symptom of some ocular or even non-ocular disorder or can arise acutely with minor irritation or injury of the eye. It is often accompanied by itching. On its own, excessive redness of the eye is not serious particularly if it passes within a short >> Read More ...
The eye is a highly sensitive organ to light, pressure and other sensations like itching and pain. Since it is exposed to the environment and lacks the protection of skin, apart from the eyelids, the eyes are prone to injury and diseases. Its location and closeness to several other highly sensitive structures may also be a >> Read More ...
The wall of the eyeball has three main layers – the outer fibrous layer (sclera, cornea), middle vascular and muscular layer (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and the inner neurosensory layer (retina). All three layers adhere to each other and both the outer and inner layers are highly dependent on the rich blood >> Read More ...
Light enters the eye through the transparent cornea and passes through the pupil, the diameter of which is determined by the iris. It then passes through the lens of the eye which bends the light (refraction) to focus it on the back of the retina. The image projected on the retina stimulates receptors that transmits >> Read More ...
The sinus cavities, proper term paranasal sinuses, are hollow air-filled cavities in the skull located around the nasal cavity. These rather unassuming pockets in the skull bone may have several important functions and are also prone to diseases that affect the nasal cavity. All the paranasal sinuses are connected to >> Read More ...
Contamination of food and water with Escherichia coli (E.coli) has been a problem that has plagued mankind throughout time. These species of bacteria naturally reside in the bowels of humans and animals and there is a number of ways that it may contaminate food and water. Of the different strains of E.coli, it is the >> Read More ...
The human eye consists of the eyeball, optic nerve, orbit and appendages (eyelids, extraocular muscles and lacrimal glands). While the eyeball is the actual sensory organ, the other parts of of the eye are equally important in maintaining the health and function of the eye as a whole. The structure of the human eye is such >> Read More ...
Hyperthyroidism is the state of a hyperfunctioning thyroid gland commonly referred to as an overactive thyroid gland. In this state, the thyroid gland produces and secretes excessive quantities of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis). Hyperthyroidism is due to a number of causes but over 70% of the cases are a result of >> Read More ...
The body has an efficient mechanism for stopping blood loss when bleeding arises. This mechanism has several phases to first reduce the degree of bleeding, temporarily plug the point of the blood loss, further seal the area for the long term and then expedite healing of the affected blood vessel to restore its integrity. >> Read More ...
