Hormones and Metabolism

Overactive and Underactive Adrenal Gland (Cortex) Diseases

Adrenal Glands and Hormones The adrenal glands, also known as the suprarenal glands, are two small structures that lie on the superior poles of each kidney. It has two distinct portions – the smaller inner adrenal medulla surrounded by the large outer adrenal cortex. The medulla secretes the hormones epinephrine and >> Read More ...

Underactive Parathyroid (Hypoparathyroidism) Causes, Symptoms

What is hypoparathyroidism? Hypoparathyroidism is the term for a low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to underactivity of the parathyroid gland. Since PTH is an important regulator of calcium and phosphate levels in the body, a deficiency will lead to low calcium and high phosphate levels. This may result in a >> Read More ...

Overactive Parathyroid Gland – Types, Causes and Symptoms

What is hyperparathyroidism? Hyperparathyroidism is the medical term for overactivity of the parathyroid gland, the four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Since the parathyroid gland regulates the calcium and phosphate in the body, any abnormal functioning will ultimately impact on these >> Read More ...

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Secretion, Control and Function

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid gland, four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. The hormone is regulated by the calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and acts primarily on the bone and kidneys to increase circulating levels of calcium. Over- or underactivity >> Read More ...

Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms and Causes of PMS

What is PMS? Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS for short, is a combination of severe symptoms that occur every month before menstruation. It is also known as premenstrual tension or PMT. Most women notice a change in their mood or physical state before the onset of menstruation (period). These symptoms may not be the same >> Read More ...

Paraythroid Gland Location, Anatomy, Blood and Nerve Supply

What is the parathyroid gland? The parathyroid glands are four small glands located on the thyroid gland which synthesize and secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is an endocrine gland that regulates the calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood and bone. Most people have four separate parathyroid glands although >> Read More ...

Problems in Diabetes – Short, Long-Term Diabetic Complications

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as sugar diabetes, is a growing problem globally associated with with a ‘modern lifestyle’, a term used to describe lack of exercise, diet high in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates and prolonged levels of stress. Diabetes mellitus is essentially a disorder with >> Read More ...

Diabetes, Leg and Feet Swelling on Both Sides With Numbness

Cathy Asked : I am a 52 year old female and recently I have been experiencing persistent swelling of both legs which were paining at first but now there is some numbness. I was diagnosed with diabetes around the age of 45 and over the past 3 years I have been on metformin. I do not have any leg sores or anything of the >> Read More ...

Hyperglycemia Symptoms and Signs of High Blood Glucose Levels

Hyperglycemia is the term for abnormally high blood glucose levels. In a person without diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes), hyperglycemia is unlikely to occur unless it is triggered by severe stress, injury or the use of medication. Even in these instances, it is temporary and will quickly resolve, with or without medical >> Read More ...

Goiter (Enlarged Thyroid and Swollen Thyroid Gland)

What is a goiter? Goiter (goitre) is the term for enlargement of the thyroid gland, the butterfly-shaped gland that lies in the neck and controls the body’s metabolism. It occurs when the thyroid gland is overstimulated and there is an increase in the number of cells in the gland (hyperplasia). This may be diffuse, >> Read More ...

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