The brain, like every part of the human body, derives its oxygen and nutrients through the the blood that reaches it. This blood is pumped from the heart and travels by way of blood vessels, specifically arteries, to the brain. Waste substances and carbon dioxide are removed from the brain by veins. Although the brain >> Read More ...
The glomerulus is the communication point between the bloodstream and nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of the glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule of the nephron. Fluid from the blood in the glomerular capillaries pass into the Bowman’s capsule and then enters the tubules where >> Read More ...
The main function of the kidney is to filter fluid from the blood and concentrate the solution of waste materials which is passed out as urine. It can also control the levels of electrolytes and water that is lost in the urine or retained in the body thereby influencing blood volume and blood pressure. This ensures that >> Read More ...
The paranasal sinuses are hollow air-filled cavities in the skull. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses known as the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. These cavities are lined with a mucous membrane and its secretions usually drain through small openings (ostia) into the nasal cavity. Since the sinuses >> Read More ...
Glaucoma refers to a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerves due to gradually increasing pressure within the eye, the intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma can develop in one or both eyes. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness, yet many people are unaware that they have this condition since the >> Read More ...
Redness of the eye, or ocular redness, is a common ailment that may be a symptom of some ocular or even non-ocular disorder or can arise acutely with minor irritation or injury of the eye. It is often accompanied by itching. On its own, excessive redness of the eye is not serious particularly if it passes within a short >> Read More ...
The eye is a highly sensitive organ to light, pressure and other sensations like itching and pain. Since it is exposed to the environment and lacks the protection of skin, apart from the eyelids, the eyes are prone to injury and diseases. Its location and closeness to several other highly sensitive structures may also be a >> Read More ...
The path of light through the eye needs to be uninhibited in order to form a clear image on the retina. The light-sensitive receptors then elicit impulses which are sent to the central nervous system for processing. In order to achieve this, the tissues of the eye has several specialized properties to ensure that it is >> Read More ...
The sense of itch is elicited when there is irritation on the surface of the skin like that of an insect crawling on it. It is closely associated with a tickle and its purpose is to make a person act against the offending agent by scratching or rubbing it off. In this manner, itching is a protective mechanism that is >> Read More ...
The wall of the eyeball has three main layers – the outer fibrous layer (sclera, cornea), middle vascular and muscular layer (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and the inner neurosensory layer (retina). All three layers adhere to each other and both the outer and inner layers are highly dependent on the rich blood >> Read More ...
